By Sarah Eaton, DVM, DACT

The whelping (birthing) process is generally taken care of by the bitch.  However, the dog owners must be aware of what a normal process is so that they can get rapid treatment for their dog if complications arise.

Dog labor occurs in 3 stages:       

Stage 1 – This is when the puppies are getting ready to come out.  It can last 6-12 hours (up to 36 hours in nervous, first time bitches) and the bitch often stops eating, is restless, may pant, and begin nesting behavior.

Stage 2 – This is the stage when the puppies are moving through the birth canal.  Once active labor starts, the first puppy should come out within four hours and each subsequent pup should come out within two hours of the last one.

Stage 3 – This stage is when the placentas are passed.  The placenta should be passed within 10-15 minutes of each pup and the placentas should be counted as they pass to make sure one is not left inside the bitch.

Most bitches will lick the newborn puppies vigorously to stimulate them to breathe and will chew off the left over bit of the umbilical cord.  Puppies should vocalize and wiggle towards the nipple, then latch on and begin nursing.  Vaginal discharge from the afterbirth, called lochia, can pass for up to three weeks after birth.  It is usually greenish-black and does not smell bad.  It should only be a small amount of decrease in volume daily.

It is important to be aware of what is normal and what is abnormal in whelping.  The quick recognition of anything abnormal will allow the dog owner to consult with their veterinarian about the best course of action.  Rapid intervention will allow for the best chances of a good outcome for both the dam and the pups.